Mechanism for transmission and reception of demodulation reference signal

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are method and apparatus for channel coding in the fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) system. An embodiment provides an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB), including circuitry, which is configured to: generate Downlink Control Information (DCI) payload for a NR-Physical Downlink Control Channel (NR-PDCCH); attach Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to the DCI payload; mask the CRC with an Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) using a bitwise modulus 2 addition operation, wherein the number of bits for the RNTI is different from the number of bits for the CRC; and perform polar encoding for the DCI payload with the masked CRC.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/126,776, filed Sep. 10, 2018, titled “Method and Apparatus forChannel Coding in the Fifth Generation New Radio System”, which claimsthe benefit of priority to: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/556,156 filed on Sep. 8, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/557,015 filed on Sep. 11, 2017, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/566,043 filed on Sep. 29, 2017. All of theaforementioned Applications are incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

The claims in the instant application are different than those of theparent application and/or other related applications. The Applicanttherefore rescinds any disclaimer of claim scope made in the parentapplication and/or any predecessor application in relation to theinstant application. Any such previous disclaimer and the citedreferences that it was made to avoid, may need to be revisited. Further,any disclaimer made in the instant application should not be read intoor against the parent application and/or other related applications.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field ofwireless communication, and in particular to a method and an apparatusfor channel coding in the 5^(th) Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) system.

BACKGROUND ART

Mobile communication has evolved significantly from early voice systemsto today's highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. Thenext generation wireless communication system, 5G or NR system willprovide access to information and sharing of data anywhere, anytime byvarious users and applications. NR system is expected to be a unifiednetwork or system that targets to meet vastly different and sometimeconflicting performance dimensions and services. Such diversemulti-dimensional requirements are driven by different services andapplications. In general, NR system will evolve based on 3GPPLTE-Advanced with additional potential new Radio Access Technologies(RATs) to enrich people lives with better, simple and seamless wirelessconnectivity solutions. NR system will enable everything connected bywireless and deliver fast, rich contents and services.

In 5G or NR system, Polar code has been selected for channel coding foruplink and downlink control information. Polar code is a linear blockcode based on phenomena known as channel polarization. The codeconstruction is based on a multiple recursive concatenation of a shortkernel code which transforms the physical channel into virtual outerchannels. When the number of recursions becomes large, the virtualchannels tend to either have high reliability or low reliability (inother words, they polarize), and the data bits are allocated to the mostreliable channels. It is the first known code that provably achieves theShannon's capacity. Notably, Polar Code have modest encoding anddecoding complexity, which renders them attractive for manyapplications.

SUMMARY

An embodiment of the disclosure provides an apparatus for a NextGeneration NodeB (gNB) including circuitry configured to generateDownlink Control Information (DCI) payload for a NR-Physical DownlinkControl Channel (NR-PDCCH); attach Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to theDCI payload, mask the CRC with an Radio Network Temporary Identifier(RNTI) using a bitwise modulus 2 addition operation, wherein the numberof bits for the RNTI is different from the number of bits for the CRC;and perform polar encoding for the DCI payload with the masked CRC.

Another embodiment of the disclosure provides an apparatus for a NextGeneration NodeB (gNB), including circuitry configured to: generate aDemodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) sequence based on a Pseudo-Noise(PN) sequence; and map the generated DMRS sequence onto a configuredcontrol resource set (CORESET) starting from the PRB of the lowestfrequency and mapping to resources in units of PRBs in an increasingfrequency order.

Another embodiment of the disclosure provides an apparatus for a UserEquipment (UE), including circuitry configured to acquire information ofcontrol resource configuration associated with the UE, wherein thecontrol resource configuration comprising one or more identifiers;acquire information of search space configuration of the UE which isassociated with the control resource configuration, wherein the searchspace information includes a field indicating a first identifier of theone or more identifiers applied for determining at least one controlresource candidate for the search space, and a field indicating a secondidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for scramblinginitialization of the at least one control resource candidate of thesearch space; determine the at least one control resource candidatebased on the first identifier; determine the scrambling initializationfor the at least one control resource candidate of the search spacebased on the second identifier; descramble the at least one controlresource candidate of the search space based on the determinedscrambling initialization; and decode said descrambled control resourcecandidate of the search space.

Another embodiment of the disclosure provides an apparatus for a NextGeneration NodeB (gNB), including circuitry configured to determinecontrol resource configuration associated a User Equipment (UE), whereinthe control resource information comprising one or more identifiers;determine search space configuration of the UE which is associated withthe control resource information, wherein the search space configurationcomprises a field indicating a first identifier of the one or moreidentifiers applied for determining at least one control resourcecandidate for the search space, and a field indication a secondidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for scramblinginitialization of the at least one control resource candidate of thesearch space; encode the at least one control resource candidate of thesearch space with the first identifier; determine the scramblinginitialization for the at least one control resource candidate of thesearch space based on the second identifier; scramble controlinformation for the UE based on the determined scramblinginitialization; and transmit the scrambled control information on the atleast one control resource candidate of the search space.

Another embodiment of the disclosure provides an apparatus for a NextGeneration NodeB (gNB), including circuitry configured to generate aninformation block for Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH); attach theinformation block with Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits; interleave,by an interleaver of the gNB, the information block attached with theCRC bits to enable early decoding of a part of the information block atUser Equipment (UE) side, wherein the part of the information block isportion of Synchronization Signal (SS) block index; encode theinterleaved information block with Polar codes; and transmit the encodedinformation block for decoding at UE side.

Another embodiment of the disclosure provides an apparatus for a UserEquipment (UE), including circuitry configured to receive an informationblock for Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) which is encoded with Polarcodes from a Next Generation NodeB (gNB); decode, by a polar decoder ofthe UE, the information block in a decoding order to obtain an estimateof a part of the information block, wherein the part of the informationblock is portion of a Synchronization Signal (SS) block index; and stopdecoding of the remaining portion of the information block after theestimate of the part of information block is obtained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the disclosure will be illustrated, by way of example andnot limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in whichlike reference numerals refer to similar elements.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example environment in which apparatusesand/or methods described herein may be implemented.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary slot-level CORESET and an exemplarysymbol-level CORESET.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary processing chain for NR PDCCH in a NextGeneration NodeB (gNB) in accordance with some embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flow chart of a method for encoding NR PDCCH inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 a illustrates an example of CRC masking with RNTI in accordancewith some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 b illustrates another example of CRC masking with RNTI inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 c illustrates another example of CRC masking with RNTI inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of distributed CRC in accordance with someembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates another exemplary processing chain for NR PDCCH in agNB in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart of a method for channel decoding inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of a method for channel encoding inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of a method for Demodulation ReferenceSignal (DMRS) generation for NR PDCCH in accordance with someembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of frequency first mapping and time firstmapping for DMRS mapping when CORESET spans two symbols within one slot.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of frequency first mapping on a PRB basiswhen CORESET spans multiple symbols.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary processing chain for NR PBCH in a gNBin accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flow chart of a method for PBCH encoding inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 15 illustrates of a flow chart of a method for PBCH decoding inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 a illustrates an example of PBCH decoding in accordance withsome embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 b illustrates another example of PBCH decoding in accordancewith some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of polar linearity when informationpayload consist of two information fields and a CRC field.

FIGS. 18 a-c illustrate examples of receiver processing for informationfields in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 19 a-b illustrate examples of bit reliability ordering of theinformation fields #1, #2, and CRC.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of information field split according tosome embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 21 illustrates the difference in value between the approximated XORoperation versus true XOR operation.

FIG. 22 illustrates example components of a device in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 23 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to someexample embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readableor computer-readable medium and perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Various aspects of the illustrative embodiments will be described usingterms commonly employed by those skilled in the art to convey thesubstance of their work to others skilled in the art. However, it willbe apparent to those skilled in the art that many alternate embodimentsmay be practiced using portions of the described aspects. For purposesof explanation, specific numbers, materials, and configurations are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the illustrativeembodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the artthat alternate embodiments may be practiced without the specificdetails. In other instances, well known features may have been omittedor simplified in order to avoid obscuring the illustrative embodiments.

Further, various operations will be described as multiple discreteoperations, in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understandingthe illustrative embodiments; however, the order of description shouldnot be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily orderdependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in theorder of presentation.

The phrase “in an embodiment” is used repeatedly herein. The phrasegenerally does not refer to the same embodiment; however, it may. Theterms “comprising,” “having,” and “including” are synonymous, unless thecontext dictates otherwise. The phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean “(A),(B), or (A and B).”

FIG. 1 illustrates an architecture of a system 100 of a network inaccordance with some embodiments. The system 100 is shown to include auser equipment (UE) 101. The UE 101 is illustrated as a smartphone(e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to oneor more cellular networks), but may also include any mobile ornon-mobile computing device, such as a personal data assistant (PDA), atablet, a pager, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a wirelesshandset, or any computing device including a wireless communicationsinterface.

The UE 101 may be configured to connect, e.g., communicatively couple,with a radio access network (RAN) 110, which may be, for example, anEvolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) TerrestrialRadio Access Network (E-UTRAN), a Next Gen RAN (NG RAN), or some othertype of RAN. The UE 101 may utilize a connection 103 which comprises aphysical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detailbelow); in this example, the connection 103 is illustrated as an airinterface to enable communicative coupling and may be consistent withcellular communications protocols, such as a Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM) protocol, a Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular(POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation(5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like.

The RAN 110 may include one or more access nodes (ANs) that enable theconnection 103. These access nodes may be referred to as base stations(BSs), NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), next Generation NodeBs (gNB), RANnodes, and so forth, and may include ground stations (e.g., terrestrialaccess points) or satellite stations providing coverage within ageographic area (e.g., a cell). As shown in FIG. 1 , for example, theRAN 110 may include AN 111 and AN 112. The AN 111 and AN 112 maycommunicate with one another via an X2 interface 113. The AN 111 and AN112 may be macro ANs which may provide lager coverage. Alternatively,they may be femtocell ANs or picocell ANs, which may provide smallercoverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared tomacro ANs. For example, one or both of the AN 111 and AN 112 may be alow power (LP) AN. In an embodiment, the AN 111 and AN 112 may be thesame type of AN. In another embodiment, they are different types of ANs.

Any of the ANs 111 and 112 may terminate the air interface protocol andmay be the first point of contact for the UE 101. In some embodiments,any of the ANs 111 and 112 may fulfill various logical functions for theRAN 110 including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC)functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamicradio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobilitymanagement.

In accordance with some embodiments, the UE 101 may be configured tocommunicate using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)communication signals with any of the ANs 111 and 112 or with other UEs(not shown) over a multicarrier communication channel in accordancevarious communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, anOrthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communicationtechnique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a Single CarrierFrequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) communication technique(e.g., for uplink and Proximity-Based Service (ProSe) or sidelinkcommunications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect. The OFDM signals may include a plurality of orthogonalsubcarriers.

In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid may be used for downlinktransmissions from any of the ANs 111 and 112 to the UE 101, whileuplink transmissions may utilize similar techniques. The grid may be atime-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resourcegrid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Sucha time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDMsystems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Eachcolumn and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symboland one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource gridin the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. Thesmallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resourceelement. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, whichdescribe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements.Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in thefrequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resourcesthat currently can be allocated. There are several different physicaldownlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.

The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may carry user data andhigher-layer signaling to the UE 101. The physical downlink controlchannel (PDCCH) may carry information about the transport format andresource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things.It may also inform the UE 101 about the transport format, resourceallocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) informationrelated to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling(assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 101within a cell) may be performed at any of the ANs 111 and 112 based onchannel quality information fed back from the UE 101. The downlinkresource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g.,assigned to) the UE 101.

The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the controlinformation. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCHcomplex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, whichmay then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching.Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, whereeach CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elementsknown as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase ShiftKeying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH may betransmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of thedownlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. There maybe four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with differentnumbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8).

Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for controlchannel information that are an extension of the above-describedconcepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an enhanced physicaldownlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for controlinformation transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one ormore enhanced control channel elements (ECCEs). Similar to above, eachECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elementsknown as an enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). An ECCE may haveother numbers of EREGs in some situations.

The RAN 110 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network(CN) 120 via an S1 interface 114. In some embodiments, the CN 120 may bean evolved packet core (EPC) network, a NextGen Packet Core (NPC)network, or some other type of CN. In an embodiment, the S1 interface114 is split into two parts: the S1-mobility management entity (MME)interface 115, which is a signaling interface between the ANs 111 and112 and MMEs 121; and the S1-U interface 116, which carries traffic databetween the ANs 111 and 112 and the serving gateway (S-GW) 122.

In an embodiment, the CN 120 may comprise the MMEs 121, the S-GW 122, aPacket Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) 123, and a home subscriberserver (HSS) 124. The MMEs 121 may be similar in function to the controlplane of legacy Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) SupportNodes (SGSN). The MMEs 121 may manage mobility aspects in access such asgateway selection and tracking area list management. The HSS 124 maycomprise a database for network users, including subscription-relatedinformation to support the network entities' handling of communicationsessions. The CN 120 may comprise one or several HSSs 124, depending onthe number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, onthe organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS 124 canprovide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization,naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc.

The S-GW 122 may terminate the S1 interface 113 towards the RAN 110, androutes data packets between the RAN 110 and the CN 120. In addition, theS-GW 122 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-AN handovers andalso may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Otherresponsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policyenforcement.

The P-GW 123 may terminate a SGi interface toward a PDN. The P-GW 123may route data packets between the CN 120 and external networks such asa network including an application server (AS) 130 (alternativelyreferred to as application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP)interface 125. Generally, the application server 130 may be an elementoffering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network(e.g., UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). Inan embodiment, the P-GW 123 is communicatively coupled to an applicationserver 130 via an IP communications interface 125. The applicationserver 130 may also be configured to support one or more communicationservices (e.g., Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTTsessions, group communication sessions, social networking services,etc.) for the UE 101 via the CN 120.

The P-GW 123 may further be a node for policy enforcement and chargingdata collection. Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCRF) 126 isthe policy and charging control element of the CN 120. In a non-roamingscenario, there may be a single PCRF in the Home Public Land MobileNetwork (HPLMN) associated with a UE's Internet Protocol ConnectivityAccess Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with localbreakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE'sIP-CAN session: a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within a HPLMN and a Visited PCRF(V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF126 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 130 via theP-GW 123. The application server 130 may signal the PCRF 126 to indicatea new service flow and select the appropriate Quality of Service (QoS)and charging parameters. The PCRF 126 may provision this rule into aPolicy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with theappropriate traffic flow template (TFT) and QoS class of identifier(QCI), which commences the QoS and charging as specified by theapplication server 130.

The quantity of devices and/or networks illustrated in FIG. 1 isprovided for explanatory purposes only. In practice, there may beadditional devices and/or networks, fewer devices and/or networks,different devices and/or networks, or differently arranged devicesand/or networks than illustrated in FIG. 1 . Alternatively oradditionally, one or more of the devices of environment 100 may performone or more functions described as being performed by another one ormore of the devices of environment 100. Furthermore, while “direct”connections are shown in FIG. 1 , these connections should beinterpreted as logical communication pathways, and in practice, one ormore intervening devices (e.g., routers, gateways, modems, switches,hubs, etc.) may be present.

As defined in New Radio (NR), a control resource set (CORESET) isdefined as a set of resource element groups (REG) with one or moresymbol duration under a given numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing andsymbol length) within which UE attempts to blindly decode downlinkcontrol information (DCI) carried in NR PDCCH which is the PDCCH for 5Gor NR systems. For CORESET configuration, in frequency domain, a CORESETcan be contiguous or non-contiguous; while in time domain, a CORESET canbe configured with one symbol or a set of contiguous OFDM symbols. Inaddition, for large carrier bandwidth, maximum CORESET duration in timecan be, for example, 2 symbols, while for narrow carrier bandwidth,maximum CORESET duration in time can be, for example, 3 symbols with themotivation of increasing NR physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)capacity. Further, as agreed in NR, either time-first or frequency firstREG-to-control channel element (CCE) mapping is supported for NR PDCCH.

As agreed in NR, a User Equipment (UE) can be configured to monitor DLcontrol channel per 1 symbol with respect to the numerology of the DLcontrol channel. Note that the UE may be configured with symbol-level orslot-level CORESET with certain offset and periodicity in one slot forDL control channel monitoring occasions, as shown in FIG. 2 , whichillustrates an exemplary slot-level CORESET and an exemplarysymbol-level CORESET. Configuring UE with a slot-level CORESET or asymbol-level CORESET may depend on UE capability or service type, e.g.,the support of enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) and Ultra Reliable & LowLatency Communication (URLLC) application.

An exemplary processing chain for NR PDCCH performed by gNB is shown inFIG. 3 . As shown, in order to reduce false alarm rate of NR-PDCCHdecoding at UE side, the gNB may be configured to attach the payload K,e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) payload, with Cyclic RedundancyCheck (CRC) bits, and then mask the CRC bits with UE ID or Radio NetworkTemporary Identifier (RNTI), note that UE ID and RNTI here may be usedinterchangeably. The CRC masking with UEID or RNTI may denote the stepof applying an exclusive OR (XOR) operation for UE ID or RNTI with CRCbits. After the CRC masking, the payload with the masked CRC may betransmitted to an interleaver which may distribute the payload and/orthe masked CRC. In one embodiment, the interleaver may move some CRCbits to early positions to assist in early termination of decoding.Followed the interleaving, polar coding may be performed by a polarencoder, e.g., to obtain frozen bit and information bit mapping based ona pre-determined reliability sequence. Some other operations such asrate-matching may be further performed, so as to transmit the payload toUE(s) effectively.

For NR, it was agreed that false alarm target equivalent to 21-bit CRCis supported for NR PDCCH. In this case, with 3 additional bits used forlist decoding of polar codes, it is envisioned that the total number ofCRC bits would be 24. Note that it is not decided the number of bits forRNTI for NR. The number of bits for RNTI may be different from thenumber of bits for CRC with false alarm target, i.e., 21 bits. In thiscase, when the CRC is masked with the RNTI, certain mechanism may needto be defined to ensure alignment on the RNTI positions between gNB andUE for proper decoding.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flow chart of a method for encoding NR PDCCH inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The method may beapplied to or performed by a gNB. At 410, the gNB may generate DCIpayload for a NR PDCCH. At 420, the gNB may attach CRC to the DCIpayload. At 430, the gNB may mask the CRC with a RNTI or UEID using abitwise modulus 2 addition operation, wherein the number of bits for theRNTI may be different from the number of bits for the CRC. At step 440,the gNB may perform polar encoding for the DCI payload with the maskedCRC. In an example, a Polar encoder in the eNB may be configured toperform the polar encoding operation.

In some embodiments, the number of bits for the RNTI may be less thanthe number of bits for the CRC. For example, if 16 bits RNTI as definedin LTE is specified for NR, the number of bits for RNTI is less than thenumber of bits for CRC with false alarm target, i.e., 21 bits. In thiscase, the RNTI may be extended by repeating a plurality of the RNTI bitsto obtain a scrambling sequence for CRC masking. For example, assuming aN-bit CRC, a shorter RNTI sequence of length S, where S<N, may beextended by repeating several bits of the RNTI to obtaining a scramblingsequence of length N.

In some embodiments, when the number of bits for the RNTI is less thanthe number of bits for the CRC, for example, a predetermined sequence oraggregation level (AL) for transmission of the NR PDCCH may be appendedto the RNTI for CRC masking. In an embodiment, the predeterminedsequence may be an all zero sequence or an all one sequence.

In some embodiments, when the number of bits for the RNTI is less thanthe number of bits for the CRC, the predetermined sequence is appendedprior to the RNTI bits such that the number for the sequence appendedRNTI is equal to the number of bits for the CRC. FIG. 5 a illustrates anexample of CRC masking with RNTI in accordance with some embodiments ofthe disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5 a , a predetermined sequence isappended before the RNTI bits, and the CRC may be masked with the RNTIstarting from the least significant bit (LSB) of the CRC, and maskedwith the predetermined sequence at the remaining bits of the CRC. Forexample, when CRC with false alarm target (i.e., 21 bits) is masked witha S-bit RNTI sequence (where S<21), the S-bit RNTI sequence may be usedto mask the S LBS bits of the CRC, and a predetermined sequence (e.g.,an all zero sequence) bits may be appended prior to the RNTI bits formaking the (21-S) most significant bit (MSB) bits of the CRC.

In some embodiments, when the number of bits for the RNTI is less thanthe number of bits for the CRC, the predetermined sequence is appendedafter the RNTI bits such that the number for the sequence appended RNTIis equal to the number of bits for the CRC. FIG. 5 b illustrates anotherexample of CRC masking with RNTI in accordance with some embodiments ofthe disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5 b , a predetermined sequence isappended following the RNTI bits, and CRC is masked with the RNTIstarting from the MSB bits of the CRC, and masked with the predeterminedsequence at the remaining bits of the CRC. For example, when CRC withfalse alarm target (i.e., 21 bits) is masked with a S-bit RNTI sequence(where S<21), the S-bit RNTI sequence may be used to mask the S LBSs ofthe CRC, and a predetermined sequence (e.g., an all zero sequence) with(21-S) bits may be appended following the RNTI bits for masking the(21-S) LSB bits of the CRC.

In some embodiments, the location of RNTI may be predefined in thespecification or configured by higher layers via NR minimum systeminformation (MSI), NR remaining minimum system information (RMSI), NRother system information (OSI) or radio resource control (RRC)signaling. In one example, the RNTI may be distributed within the CRCwith false alarm target, i.e., 21 bits. Given that the location of RNTIis known at UE side, UE can perform blind decoding of NR PDCCH withoutincreasing the complexity.

In some embodiments, when the number of bits for the RNTI is larger thanthe number of bits for the CRC, the CRC may be masked with a portion ofthe RNTI, the portion of the RNTI may have the same bit number with theCRC. For example, assuming an N-bit CRC (e.g., 21 bits) and a longerRNTI sequence of length S, where S>N. In an example, the portion of theRNTI may be the N MSB bits of the RNTI sequence. In another example, theportion of the RNTI may be the N LSB bits of the RNTI sequence. In yetanother example, a hashing function can be defined for making N bits outof the S bits RNTI and the output of the hashing function can be usedfor CRC masking. As shown in FIG. 5 c , which illustrates an example ofCRC masking with RNTI in accordance with various embodiments of thedisclosure, when a longer RNTI sequence used to mask the CRC with falsealarm target (i.e., 21 bits), the 21 LSB bits or the 21 MSB bits of theRNTI bits or 21 bits selected from the RNTI bits with a hashing functionmay be used for CRC masking.

In some embodiments, RNTI may be masked onto those CRC bits which mayappear relatively later in the decoding order of Polar decoding. Anexample of distributed CRC is shown in FIG. 6 and the order of mappingonto Polar encoder input is also indicated. In this case, the RNTI maybe masked onto those CRC bits that appear in the end of decoding order.This allows the leading CRC bits in the decoding order to be relativelyindependent of the RNTI mask or masks, and hence such CRC bits can bechecked in the Polar list decoding and early termination can be achieved(e.g. if all paths fail to satisfy CRC check). If UE is checking formultiple RNTIs, then the leading CRC bits in decoding order may notyield any early termination benefit because UE has to check CRC withmultiple RNTI hypothesis, which may yield surviving path.

When RNTI length is increased from e.g. 16 to 24, then potentially theRNTI mask applies to all CRC bits and hence early termination may not befeasible at all. To avoid such kind of cases, other possibilities can beadopted.

In some embodiments, a first portion of the RNTI may be masked onto aportion of the CRC, and a second portion of the RNTI may be embeddedexplicitly in the payload. In an embodiment, for UE-specific RNTI(s),some RNTI assignment scheme may be assumed, for example, the UE-specificRNTIs may be selected to have same values for the MSB bits of the CRC,RNTI planning may be undesirable.

In some embodiments. RNTI length may be kept small, but for differenceUE-specific messages, a single RNTI may be used, which providingexplicit field in the DCI to indicate the type of the functionality forwhich the message is intended. For example, if the field is 00, it mayindicate the grant is intended for first type (regular scheduling), ifthe field is 01, it may indicate a SPS grant, if it is 10, it mayindicate yet another grant type.

In some embodiments, at least a portion of a first RNTI may be embeddedinto one or more frozen bit locations applied for Polar code, and atleast a portion of a second RNTI may be masked onto the CRC. The firstRNTI may be a Cell-RNTI (C-RNTI), and the second RNTI may beSemi-Persistent Scheduling RNTI (SPS-RNTI) or Grant free RNTI (GF-RNTI),etc. In an embodiment, the portion of the first RNTI is embedded intothe one or more frozen bits via a scrambling initializer, wherein thescrambling initializer operates based on the following parameters: acell ID, a slot index, one or more parameters associated with thecontrol resource set (CORESET) in which the NR PDCCH is located.

In some embodiments, a scrambling function may further be applied afterPolar encoding of the DCI payload with the masked CRC, where thescrambling function is a linear or a non-linear function of one or moreof the RNTI, a cell identifier, a slot or subframe or System FrameNumber (SFN) index, and a CORESET index. In an example, the scramblingfunction may be applied post-Polar encoding before the bit selection viarate-matching. In another example, the scrambling function may beapplied post-Polar encoding after the bit selection via rate-matching.An example is illustrated in FIG. 7 .

In 5G or NR system, a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) may be usedfor scrambling. An example of scrambling initialization will bedescribed. The block of bits b(0), . . . , b(M_(bit−1)) to betransmitted on an PDCCH may be scrambled, a block of scrambled bits{tilde over (b)}(0), . . . , {tilde over (b)}(M_(bit)−1) may begenerated according to the equation (1):{tilde over (b)}(i)=(b(i)+c(i))mod 2  (1)where the scrambling sequence is c(i). In one example, c(i) may bedetermined according to equation (2):c _(init) =└n _(s)/2┘·2⁹ +n _(scramblingID)  (2)where n_(s) is a slot index, and n_(scramblingID) is a scramblingidentity (ID) value configured for the UE by higher layers.

The scrambling ID value may be determined via CORESET configurationand/or the search space configuration. A UE may be configured to applythe scrambling ID value to be one of a virtual cell identifier, aUE-specific C-RNTI, or a Group-common C-RNTI. In some embodiments, thescrambling initialization may be dependent on one or more identifiersacquired from higher layers, and one or more derived parameters such asslot index, etc.

In some embodiments, the control resource configuration may comprise oneor more identifiers, allowing flexible identifiers for scramblinginitialization such that a gNB may take advantage of early terminationof Polar code based on path metric. For example, if a gNB finds that twoUEs' search spaces are overlapped (in at least one candidate), it couldconfigure them with different identifiers for respective Scramblinginitialization—in such a case, a first UE will terminate early in polardecoding if it applies a scrambling initialization that is differentfrom that used for transmitting data to the second UE. On the otherhand, if gNB find the two search spaces are overlapped (in at least onecandidate), it could still configure a single identifier for scramblinginitialization, and potentially enable sending common messages to bothUEs, or send an individual message to one of the UEs (via RNTI masked onCRC). Thus flexible identifier can provide benefits for the overallsystem.

An exemplary CORESET configuration is as follows:

CORESET Configuration { Identifier 1 Identifier 2 Identifier 3Identifier 4 ...other CORESET configuration.... }

A first exemplary search space configuration based on the CORESETconfiguration may be:

SearchSpaceConfiguration { • CORESET Identifier • Apply Identifier 1 forDMRS generation • Apply Identifier 2 for scrambling initialization •Apply Identifier 3 for UE-specific Search space hashing to identifycandidates • (optional) Identifier 4 for group/common Search spacehashing to identify candidates for the group/common search space • Othersearch space configuration }

A second exemplary search space configuration based on the CORESETconfiguration may be:

SearchSpaceConfiguration { • CORESET Identifier • Apply Identifier 1 forDMRS generation • Apply Identifier 1 for scrambling initialization •Apply Identifier 3 for UE-specific Search space hashing to identifycandidates • (optional) Identifier 4 for Group/common Search spacehashing to identify candidates for the group/common search space • Othersearch space configuration }

A third exemplary search space configuration based on the CORESETconfiguration may be:

SearchSpaceConfiguration { • CORESET Identifier • Apply Identifier 1 forDMRS generation • Apply Identifier 1 for scrambling initialization •Apply Identifier 1 for UE-specific Search space hashing to identifycandidates • (optional) Identifier 4 for Group/common Search spacehashing to identify candidates for the group/common search space • Othersearch space configuration }

With these configurations, a gNB can flexibly create an UE-specific,cell-specific, group-specific search spaces for different UEs. Theflexible identifiers for DMRS/Scrambling initialization/UE-specificsearch space would allow a gNB to create an overlapped search space formultiple UEs, e.g., two UEs, even if they could individually considertheir search space as UE-specific. Within a given candidate in theoverlapped search space, the grants for different UEs could still bedistinguished by the RNTI masked onto the CRC.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart of a method for channel decoding inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The method may beapplied to or performed by a UE. At 810, the UE may acquire informationof control resource (e.g., CORESET) configuration associated with theUE, wherein the control resource configuration may comprise one or moreidentifiers. At 820, the UE may acquire information of the search spaceconfiguration of the UE which is associated with the control resourceconfiguration, wherein the search space information includes a fieldindicating a first identifier of the one or more identifiers applied fordetermining at least one control resource candidate for the searchspace, and a field indicating a second identifier of the one or moreidentifiers applied for scrambling initialization of the at least onecontrol resource candidate of the search space. At 830, the UE maydetermine the at least one control resource candidate based on the firstidentifier. Then the UE may determine scrambling initialization for theat least one control resource candidate based on the second identifierat 840, and descramble the at least one control resource candidate basedon the determined scrambling initialization at 850. After thedescrambling, the UE may decode the at least one descrambled candidateat 860.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of a method for channel encoding inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The method may beapplied to or performed by a gNB. At 910, the gNB may determine theinformation of control resource configuration (e.g., CORESETconfiguration) associated with a UE, wherein the control resourceconfiguration may comprise one or more identifiers. At 920, the gNB maydetermine information of the search space configuration of the UE whichis associated with the control resource configuration, wherein thesearch space information includes a field indicating a first identifierof the one or more identifiers applied for determining at least onecontrol resource candidate for the search space, and a field indicatinga second identifier of the one or more identifiers applied forscrambling initialization of the at least one control resource candidateof the search space. At 930, the gNB may encode the at least one controlresource candidate of the search space with the first identifier. At940, the gNB may determine the scrambling initialization for the atleast one control resource candidate of the search space based on thesecond identifier and scramble the control information for the UE basedon the determined scrambling initialization at 950. Then the gNB maytransmit the scrambled control information on the at least one controlresource candidate of the search space at 960.

In an embodiment, the first identifier is a Cell-Radio Network TemporaryIdentifier (C-RNTI) and the second identifier is a virtual cellidentifier. In example, the first identifier may be a C-RNTI and secondidentifier may be one of a virtual cell identifier or a scrambling-RNTI,wherein the second identifier may be determined from the controlresource configuration. In another example, the first identifier and thesecond identifier may be identical, for example, they are both C-RNTI.

In some embodiments, the search space configuration may further comprisea field indicating a third identifier of the one or more identifiersapplied for Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) generation associatedwith the at least one control resource candidate. In an example, theDMRS associated with the at least one control resource candidate may bebased on the third identifier. In another embodiment, the first, secondand third identifiers may be all different or identical. In anembodiment, the first, second and third identifiers may be partiallydifferent or identical, for example, the first and second identifiersmay be identical, and the third identifier may be different from thefirst identifier and the second identifier.

For NR, it was agreed that common Physical Resource Block (PRB) indexingand UE-specific PRB indexing are supported. For the latter case, themotivation is to support wider bandwidth operation, where UE isconfigured with one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) within the widerbandwidth.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of a method for Demodulation ReferenceSignal (DMRS) generation for NR PDCCH in accordance with someembodiments of the disclosure. The method may be applied to or performedby a gNB. At 1010, the gNB may generate a DMRS sequence based on aPseudo-Noise (PN) sequence. At 1020, the gNB may map the generated DMRSsequence onto a configured control resource set (CORESET) on a PRBbasis.

In some embodiments, a long sequence (i.e., DMRS sequence) based on a PNsequence may be generated in accordance with at least the maximum numberof PRBs supported for a given subcarrier spacing in the configuredCORESET, for example, the length of the generated DMRS sequence may bedetermined based on the maximum number of PRBs. In an embodiment, thegeneration of the DMRS sequence may be further based on the number ofsymbols for the configured CORESET, for example, the length of thegenerated DMRS sequence may be determined based on the maximum number ofPRBs supported for a given subcarrier spacing and the number of OFDMsymbols of the configured CORESET.

In some embodiments, the maximum number of PRB supported for givensubcarrier spacing may be derived by the number of common PRBs withinthe system for the given subcarrier spacing. In an embodiment, commonPRB indexing based on system bandwidth may be used for the generation ofthe DMRS sequence within the configured CORESET. This option is moreappropriate for common CORESET, which can be used for the scheduling ofcommon control message and/or UE-specific downlink control information(DCI). Note that this option may also be used for the UE-specificCORESET.

In the configured CORESET, each PRB/resource element group (REG) or eachCCE may be associated with a determined part of the generated DMRSsequence based on at least its common PRB index of a PDCCH monitoringcandidate. With this approach, the DMRS sequence can be known by theMU-MIMO UEs even when the allocated resource for PDCCH are partiallyoverlapped.

In some embodiments, a long sequence (i.e., DMRS sequence) based on a PNsequence may be generated in accordance with at least the Bandwidth Part(BWP) that contains the configured CORESET, for example, the length ofthe generated DMRS sequence may be determined based on the number of PRBwithin the BWP that contains the configured CORESET. In an embodiment,the generation of the DMRS sequence may be further based on the numberof symbols for the configured CORESET, for example, the length of thegenerated DMRS sequence may be determined based on the number of PRBswithin the BWP that contains the configured CORESET and the number ofOFDM symbols of the configured CORESET. In an embodiment, UE-specificPRB indexing may be used for the generation of DMRS sequence within theconfigured CORESET. Note that this option can be used for theUE-specific CORESET.

In some embodiments, the generated DMRS sequence may be mapped into theconfigured CORESET on one of;

-   -   (i) Resource Element (RE)-level, i.e., each part in the sequence        corresponds to a DMRS RE;    -   (ii) Resource Element Group (REG)-level, i.e., each part in the        sequence corresponds to all DMRS REs with a REG;    -   (iii) REG Bundle (REGB)-level, i.e., each part in the sequence        corresponds to all DMRS REs with a REGB;    -   (iv) REGB-level, but limited to only the span of the REGB in        frequency domain; or    -   (v) REGB-level, but limited to only the span of the REGB in time        domain, wherein options (iii) and (iv) and options (ii) and (v)        converge for single-symbol CORESETs.

In an embodiment, for options (i), (ii) and (iv) with multi-symbolCORESETs, the PN sequence initialization can be defined as a function ofthe symbol index to which the sequence is applied instead of thestarting symbol of the CORESET.

Note that REGBs are defined in both frequency-time dimensions formulti-symbol CORESETs.

In an embodiment, assuming a total number of ‘P’ PRBs, either based oncommon or UE-specific PRB indexing, within the maximum Component CarrierBandwidth (CC BW) for a given subcarrier spacing (for common PRB) orwithin the BWP that contains the CORESET (for UE-specific PRB).

For the mapping option (i), the length of the PN sequence is given byP*d, where ‘d’ is the number of DMRS REs within a REG, e.g., d=3 forDMRS density ¼. In an example, the length of the PN sequence should beP*d*n_(sym) if a single PN sequence is generated for mapping in bothfrequency and time dimensions, where n_(sym) is the number of symbolsfor the CORESET.

For mapping option (ii), the length of the PN sequence is P. In anexample, the length of the PN sequence should be P*nsym if a single PNsequence is generated for mapping in both frequency and time dimensions.

For the mapping option (iii), the length of the overall PN sequence isgiven by (P*n_(sym))(REGBsize_(freq)*REGBsize_(time)), where n_(sym) isnumber of symbols for the CORESET, REGBsize_(freq) and REGBsize_(time)are the REGB size in frequency and time dimensions. For single-symbolCORESETs, REGBsize_(time)=1 and for multi-symbol CORESETs,REGBsize_(time)=n_(sym), implying that the length of the PN sequenceequals P/REGBsize_(freq).

For mapping option (iv), the length of the overall PN sequence is givenby P/REGBsize_(freq). In an example, the length of the PN sequenceshould be P*n_(sym)/REGBsize_(freq) if a single PN sequence is generatedfor mapping in both frequency and time dimensions.

For mapping option (v), the length of the overall PN sequence is givenby P*n_(sym)/REGBsize_(time).

For DMRS sequence generation, given that both symbol-level andslot-level CORESET are supported for NR PDCCH, the initialization seedof the DMRS sequence for NR PDCCH can be defined as a function of one ormore following parameters: symbol index, slot index, mini-slot index,starting symbol index of the configured CORESET, and CORESET-specificparameter configured by higher layers. Note that prior to radio resourcecontrol (RRC) signaling, the CORESET-specific parameter can bepredefined for each relevant CORESET (e.g., CORESET for monitoring forDCI scheduling RMSI, for monitoring for DCI scheduling paging messages,for monitoring for DCI related to random access). Alternatively, itcould be set to or defined as a deterministic function of the physicalcell ID.

In an embodiment, to support implicit MU-MIMO transmission of PDCCHchannel, the index/identify of antenna port (AP ID) may be additionallyused as one initialization parameter to generate the DMRS sequence.

In one example, the PN sequence generator for DM-RS sequence of NR PDCCHcan be initialized as:c _(init)=(14·(n _(s)+1)+l+1)·(2·n _(ID,m) ^(PDCCH)+1)·c ₀ +c ₁  (3)where c₀ and c₁ are constants, which can be predefined in thespecification, e.g., c₀=2¹⁶ and c₁=1, n_(s) is the slot index, l is thesymbol index or starting symbol index of the configured CORESET,n_(ID,m) ^(PDCCH) is the parameter for m^(th) CORESET, which isconfigured by higher layers. n_(ID,m) ^(PDCCH)=n_(ID,m)^(PDCCH)=ƒ(n_(ID) ^(cell), m), where the function f( ) may be predefinedin the specifications if no value is configured for n_(ID,m) ^(PDCCH) byhigher layers.

In some embodiments, the gNB may determine the DMRS sequence based on acell ID and a beam ID of a serving cell, or the DMRS sequence may beconfigured by higher layers with a first index and a second index. ThegNB may generate a pseudo-random sequence based on the first index andmay generate a scrambling sequence based on a second index. The gNB maygenerate a DMRS sequence based on the pseudo-random sequence and thescrambling sequence, e.g., by multiplying the pseudo-random sequencesymbol by symbol with the scrambling sequence.

In some embodiments, the DMRS sequence may be generated on a PRB basisto facilitate MU-MIMO operation. The generated DMRS sequence isindependent of PRB whether it is transmitted. In an embodiment, thegenerated DMRS sequence may be mapped into the configured CORESETstarting from the PRB of the lowest frequency and mapping to resource inunits of PRBs in an increasing frequency order.

In some embodiments, the DMRS sequence may be mapped to the configuredCORESET in a time first mapping or a frequency first mapping manner. Inan embodiment, when the CORESET spans one symbol, the frequency firstmapping manner is employed to map the DMRS sequence into the configuredCORESET. In another embodiment, when the CORESET spans multiple symbols,the time first mapping or frequency first mapping manner is employed tomap the DMRS sequence in the configured CORESET. FIG. 11 illustrates anexample of frequency first mapping and time first mapping for DMRSmapping when CORESET spans two symbols within one slot.

In another embodiment, when the CORESET spans multiple symbols, the timefirst mapping or frequency first mapping manner is employed on a PRBbasis to map the DMRS sequence into the configured CORESET. Anorthogonal cover code (OCC) can be applied to the DMRS REs within a REGor REGB or a CCE or either time or frequency dimension only within aREGB for support of orthogonal MU-MIMO. In this case, a REG-level (i.e.,PRB-level) or REGB-level or REGB-in-frequency-only orREGB-in-time-only-level mapping with the same sequence value for all REswithin an REG, REGB, or REGB-in-frequency-only, or REGB-in-time-only canbe more appropriate.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of frequency first mapping on a PRB basiswhen CORESET spans multiple symbols. In particular, DMRS is mapped in afrequency first and time second manner within a PRB. Then, it is mappedto subsequent PRBs within the configured CORESET.

A gNB connected to network may send multiple synchronization signal (SS)blocks in groups periodically to enable UEs to perform radio resourcemanagement measurements and initial cell acquisition. It should be notedthat UE may not be able to receive all the SS blocks that are being sentby the gNB. This may be due to changes in the channel, beamformingdirections, noise, etc. Therefore, it is important that UE is able tounderstand which SS block in the group it has detected, even if the UEhas only detected a single SS block. Given that there are multiple SSblocks that are being sent in different time locations with respect toradio frame boundary, there must be some mechanism that allowsindication of which SS block it is within the SS block set periodicity.The indication of the SS block position is denoted as SS block timeindex signaling.

The SS block is composed of primary synchronization signal (PSS),secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast channel(PBCH). Since PSS and SSS contains the cell identification, it will bedifficult to embed the SS block time index signaling into the PSS/SSS.The time index signaling can be sent along with PBCH. For neighbor cellmeasurements, other than the time index signaling, no other informationis needed from PBCH. Because detection and decoding of the time indexsignaling will be typically same as the rest of the payload in the PBCH,PBCH design may need to be over-dimensioned such that it can have veryreliable reception of the SS block time index. Therefore, there is aneed to provide early decoding of the SS block time index of the PBCHpayload.

The present disclosure provides a method for early decoding of a part ofan information payload when polar code is used for encoding theinformation payload. The part of the information payload could be thetime index or a partial SS block index, and the information payloadcould be the entire PBCH payload.

The present disclosure utilizes the property of polar decoders such assuccessive cancellation decoder or successive cancellation list decoder,which outputs estimates of data bits in a sequential fashion. By placingbits for the partial SS block index in the locations that are decoded inthe decoding order, the gNB can ensure that the UE side can startdecoding in the decoding order, and stop decoding once the bits for thepartial SS block index are decoded. The polar decoder can stop or skipdecoding of the rest of the PBCH payload.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary processing chain for NR PBCH inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The processing chainmay be applied to or performed by a gNB. As shown in FIG. 13 , aninterleaver is applied after CRC attachment and prior to Polar encodingto allow early termination at UE side. Note that possible scrambling ofpartial PBCH payload before CRC attachment is not shown for brevity. Theinterleaver can be used to distribute the PBCH payload and CRC, andafter the interleaver, the mapping to the polar encoder enables thepartial SS block index to appear first (or early) in the polar decodingorder, as shown in FIG. 13 , which also illustrates an example of how apartial SS block index, remaining payload of PBCH and any attached CRCcan be mapped to the Polar code input. Next, the PBCH payload is polarencoded (e.g. frozen bit insertion, etc. may be included), followed byother operations including rate-matching, possible channel interleaving,and modulation mapping.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, There may be some additionaloperations such as scrambling, etc., which are generally not shown forbrevity but these can also be applied without losing benefit of thedisclosure.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flow chart of a method for encoding NR PBCH inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The method may beapplied to or performed by a gNB. At 1410, the gNB may generate aninformation block for PBCH. At 1420, the gNB may attach the informationblock with CRC bits. At 1430, the interleaver of the gNB may interleavethe information block attached with the CRC bits to enable earlydecoding of a part of the information block at User Equipment (UE) side,wherein the part of the information block may be the SS block index inthe PBCH, e.g., a SS block time index. At 1440, the polar encoder of thegNB encode the interleaved information block; and At 1450, the gNB maytransmit the encoded information block for decoding at UE side.

FIG. 15 illustrates of a flow chart of a method for decoding NR PBCH inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The method may beapplied to or performed by a UE. At 1510, the UE may receive aninformation block for PBCH from a gNB. At 1520, a polar decoder of theUE may decode the information block in a decoding order to obtain anestimate of a part of the information block, wherein the part of theinformation block may be the SS block index in the PBCH, e.g., a SSblock time index, the polar decoder may stop decoding of the remainingportion of the information block after the estimate of the part ofinformation block is obtained at 1530.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 16 a which illustrates an exampleof PBCH decoding, the polar list decoder e.g., a SCL decoder at UE sidemay decode the information block for PBCH until the bit estimatescorresponding to the bits for the partial SS block index are available,which may correspond to one or more paths in case of list decoding, thepolar decoder may provide an estimate of partial SS block index bychoosing one of many choices, e.g. a path out of L paths (e.g. in caseof list L decoding) that has the best path metric (e.g. path metric withleast penalty). In certain cases, if the polar decoder is unable toselect the best path, the decoder may proceed a bit further to decode afew more bits in the decoding order until it is confident that one pathcase be reliably selected. Once the path is selected, the decoder canskip or stop decoding of the remaining portion of the payload.

In some embodiments, the bits corresponding to the part of theinformation block (e.g., bits for the partial SS block index) may bedisposed at relatively early positions in the interleaved informationblock. In an example, the bits for a partial SS block index may bedisposed at relatively early positions in the interleaved block forPBCH.

In some embodiments, the bits corresponding to the part of theinformation block (e.g., bits for the partial SS block index) may bedisposed at positions in polar encoding which correspond to relativelyearly positions in the decoding order for Polar decoding.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 16 b which illustrates anotherexample of PBCH decoding, the polar list decoder at UE side also has theassistance of CRC bits that are placed early—the decoder may decode theblock for PBCH until the bit estimates corresponding to partial SS blockindex bits are available, which in case of list decoding maycorresponding to one or more paths. The polar decoder may provide anestimate of the partial SS block index by choosing one of many choices,e.g. a path out of L paths (e.g., in case of list L decoding) that hasthe best path metric (e.g. path metric with least penalty) and/or usingCRC check (i.e. a path that passes CRC). In an example, a path that hasthe best path metric may be selected from the paths. In another example,a path that passes CRC check is selected form the L paths. In yetanother example, a path that has the best path metric and passes CRCcheck is selected from the L paths. In certain cases, if the decoder isunable to select the best path because the CRC is placed later, thedecoder may proceed a bit further to decode a few more bits in thedecoding order until it is confident that one path case be reliablyselected. Once the path is selected, the decoder can skip or stopdecoding of the remaining portion of the payload. Since there may be a24-bit CRC attached, and PBCH may require less CRC bits for protection,a CRC interleaver may be designed differently than a DL controlinterleaver—the CRC interleaver for PBCH could offer additional CRC bitsearly in decoding order to assist with the partial SS block index.

In some embodiments, the bits corresponding to a part of the informationblock and at least a part of CRC which assists with the part of theinformation block may be disposed at relatively early positions in theinterleaved information block. In an example, bits for a partial SSblock index and a part of CRC bits which assists with the partial SSblock index may be disposed at relatively early positions in theinterleaved block for PBCH.

In some embodiments, the bits corresponding to a part of the informationblock and at least a part of the CRC bits which assists with a part ofthe information block may be disposed at positions in Polar encodingwhich correspond to relatively early positions in the decoding order forPolar decoding. In an example, bits for a partial SS block index and apart of CRC bits which assists with the partial SS block index may bedisposed at positions in Polar encoding which correspond to relativelyearly positions in the decoding order for Polar decoding.

In some embodiments, in order to obtain the estimate of the part of theinformation block, e.g., the partial SS block index, the UE may obtain aset of log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) corresponding to the informationblock; partially decode the received LLRs to obtain one or morecandidate decoding paths corresponding to the part of the informationblock; select a candidate decoding path from the one or more candidatedecoding paths based on a selection criteria; and output the estimate ofthe part of the information block based on the selected decoding path.In an example, the selection criteria may be based on polar decoder pathmetric. In another example, the selection criteria may be based on polardecoder path metric and CRC checking. For example, the CRC checking maybe based on partial CRC check bit estimates that are also obtained basedon the partial decoding.

Next the properties of Polar codes will be described.

Polar codes have two main properties. The first property is thelinearity of the polar codes. Polar codes are linear, which means thattwo (or more) information fields that are added together prior to polarencoding is equivalent to two (or more) information field that are polarencoded separately and added together after encoding. Here the additionis a modulus 2 addition.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of the polar linearity when informationpayload consist of two information fields (For example, one is for thepartial SS block index, and one is for the remaining payload of PBCH)and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) field. The CRC is computed using theentirely of the information field (including zero). This is possible asCRC computation is also linear. CRC computed with both fields isequivalent to CRC computed with individually and added together later.Information payload that consists of field #1, field #2, and CRC.Payload #1 that consists of field #1, set of zeros (bitwidth equal tofield #2), and CRC, is encoded with polar encoder into codeword #1.Payload #2 that consists of set of zeros (bitwidth equal to field #1),field #2, and CRC, is encoded with polar encoder into codeword #2.Payload #3, that consists of field #1, field #2, and CRC, is encodedwith polar encoder into codeword #3. Payload #3 can be equivalentlygenerated by modulos 2 addition of payload #1 and #2. Codeword #3 can beequivalently generated by modulos 2 addition of codeword #1 and #2.

The second property of polar codes is that there exist an ordering ofreliability for each input bit of the polar encoder. The lowerreliability bits are typically predetermined and called frozen bits. Thereceiver utilizes prior information of these so-called frozen bits toachieve better decoding performance.

Based on the two properties of polar codes, a system of transmission oftwo (or more) information fields is provided, where a combination of theinformation fields is encoded into two (or more) polar encoded codewords(CW), and two (or more) codewords are transmitted to the receiver. Thefirst codeword is generated by encoding the information field #1, set ofzeros that have same bitwidth as information field #2, and CRC with apolar encoder. The second codeword is generated by encoding theinformation field #1, information field #2, and CRC with a polarencoder. Both codewords are sent to the receiver.

At the receiver, received codewords are soft-bit level XOR operatedtogether and decoded with polar decoder. This will provide output ofjust information field #2 and CRC associated with field #2. FIG. 18 aillustrates an exemplary receiver processing for information field #2.The soft-bit level XOR operation of the two codewords, one that containsboth information fields and one that contain only information field #1,effectively generates a codeword with information field #2 with set ofzeros that corresponding to the bitwidth of the information field #1.The set of zeros can be used an effective frozen bits during thedecoding process as it know to the receiver that they are zero (i.e.predetermined information). This aids decoding performance of theinformation field #2 compared with information field #1.

Information field #1 and #2 can be directly decoded from the codewordthat contains both information fields. To achieve better decodingperformance by soft-combining information in all received codewords, thecorrectly decoded information field #2 with CRC can be re-encoded intoan ideal codeword and soft-bit wise XOR with one of the receivedcodeword, for example codeword #1. This effectively creates a copy ofthe codeword #2, which can be directly soft-combined with receivedcodeword #2 for polar decoding. The whole process can be done bysoft-bit wise XOR with codeword #2, and soft-combining the resultantcodeword with codeword #1. In the former example, the decoding providesboth information field #1 and #2 as output, where in the latter example,the decoding provides information field #1 as output. Examples of theformer and latter examples are shown in FIG. 18 b and FIG. 18 c ,respectively.

The procedure for detection of information field #1 and #2 requires thatdecoding of more important information, information field #2, is veryreliable. Any error in decoding of the information field #2 would resultin error of information field #1. To provide better detection of themore important information, information field #2, we can order theinformation bits according to the bit reliability. Information field #2and CRC can be positioned in the highest reliable bits of the polarencoder. This ensures that when information field #1 is zeroed out bythe soft-bit XOR operation at the receiver, the zero bits can beutilized as frozen bits during the polar decoding process. This enabledbetter decoding performance of the information field #1.

FIG. 19 a and FIG. 19 b illustrates examples of the bit reliabilityordering of the information field #1, #2, and CRC. In FIG. 19 a ,information field #2 and CRC is positioned in the highest reliable bitpositions, while information field #1 is positioned at the leastreliable bit positions that are not explicit frozen bits. The CRC iscomputed with both information field #1 and #2. In FIG. 19 b ,information field #2 is positioned in the highest reliable bit positionand no CRC is computed based on information field #2. Information field#1 and CRC is positioned the less reliable bit position. In bothexamples, the explicit frozen bits are always positioned in the leastreliable bits position of the polar encoder. In the example of FIG. 19 b, decoding of information field #2 will have more effective frozen bits,corresponding to information field #1 and CRC field, compared to theexample in FIG. 19 a . The drawback is the lack of CRC for informationfield #2, which may restrict the decoding algorithms available for polarcodes, namely list decoding techniques that rely on CRC for sanitycheck.

As another variant of the proposed system, the more importantinformation field, information field #2, can be split into multiplecodewords, where each codeword contains an exclusive bits of theinformation field #2. For example, the half of the information field #2can be contained in the first codeword, and the rest of the informationfield #2 is contained in the second codeword. An example of this isshown in FIG. 21 . In the payloads of the codewords, information field#2 is split among the payloads exclusively such that no information frominformation field #2 from multiple payloads overlap in bit positions. Atthe receiver, information field #2 can be obtained from decoding of thesoft-bit XOR of the received codewords.

Soft-bit XOR can be computed from log likelyhood ratios (LLR) of thereceive bits. The LLR is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of theprobability of the receive bits being 0 and 1. Mathematically, it can bewritten as:

$\begin{matrix}{{{LLR}(x)} = {\log{\frac{P\left( {x = 0} \right)}{P\left( {x = 1} \right)}.}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

Soft-bit XOR (or LLR XOR) can be computed from LLRs of two soft-bits, x₁and x₂, by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix}{{{LLR}\begin{pmatrix}x_{1} & {xor} & x_{2}\end{pmatrix}} = {\frac{1 + e^{({{{LLR}(x_{1})} + {{LLR}(x_{2})}})}}{e^{{LLR}(x_{1})} + e^{{LLR}(x_{2})}}.}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

Since the calculation involves exponential operations, it can beapproximated using the following equation

$\begin{matrix}{{{LLR}\begin{pmatrix}x_{1} & {xor} & x_{2}\end{pmatrix}} = {\frac{1 + e^{({{{LLR}(x_{1})} + {{LLR}(x_{2})}})}}{e^{{LLR}(x_{1})} + e^{{LLR}(x_{2})}} \approx {{{sign}\left( {{LLR}\left( x_{1} \right)} \right)} \cdot {{sign}\left( {{LLR}\left( x_{2} \right)} \right)} \cdot {{\min\left( {{❘{{LLR}\left( x_{1} \right)}❘},{❘{{LLR}\left( x_{2} \right)}❘}} \right)}.}}}} & (6)\end{matrix}$

The approximation of the XOR and true XOR operation are quite similar.FIG. 20 shows the difference in value between the approximated XORoperation versus true XOR operation.

In some embodiment of the disclosure, the PBCH payload in the SS blockmay comprise two codewords. One of the codewords contain all of the PBCHinformation, including the time index signaling, and the other codewordcontain all the PBCH information excluding the time index signaling.Alternatively, the two codewords can contain exclusive bits of the timeindex signaling. The codewords can be mapped to one PBCH OFDM symboleach. At UE side, the UE can try to decode the time index signalingseparately by performing soft-bit XOR of the received codewords andperforming polar decoding.

It should be noted that it is actually possible to have multi-stagedecoding and multiple information fields larger than 2 that all havedifferent decoding reliability. For example, the information field #2,can be split further into information field #2a and #2b, as shown inFIG. 21 . The same technique used to differentiate the receptionreliability of information field #1 and #2 can be applied tosub-information field #2a and #2b.

FIG. 22 illustrates example components of a device 2200 in accordancewith some embodiments. In some embodiments, the device 2200 may includeapplication circuitry 2202, baseband circuitry 2204, Radio Frequency(RF) circuitry 2206, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 2208, one or moreantennas 2210, and power management circuitry (PMC) 2212 coupledtogether at least as shown. The components of the illustrated device2200 may be included in a UE or a RAN node, e.g., gNB. In someembodiments, the device 2200 may include less elements (e.g., a RAN nodemay not utilize application circuitry 2202, and instead include aprocessor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC). In someembodiments, the device 2200 may include additional elements such as,for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output(I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described belowmay be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may beseparately included in more than one device for Cloud-RAN (C-RAN)implementations).

The application circuitry 2202 may include one or more applicationprocessors. For example, the application circuitry 2202 may includecircuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core ormulti-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination ofgeneral-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphicsprocessors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupledwith or may include memory/storage and may be configured to executeinstructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applicationsor operating systems to run on the device 2200. In some embodiments,processors of application circuitry 2202 may process IP data packetsreceived from an EPC.

The baseband circuitry 2204 may include circuitry such as, but notlimited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. Thebaseband circuitry 2204 may include one or more baseband processors orcontrol logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signalpath of the RF circuitry 2206 and to generate baseband signals for atransmit signal path of the RF circuitry 2206. Baseband processingcircuitry 2204 may interface with the application circuitry 2202 forgeneration and processing of the baseband signals and for controllingoperations of the RF circuitry 2206. For example, in some embodiments,the baseband circuitry 2204 may include a third generation (3G) basebandprocessor 2204A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 2204B, afifth generation (5G) baseband processor 2204C, or other basebandprocessor(s) 2204D for other existing generations, generations indevelopment or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation(2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuitry 2204 (e.g.,one or more of baseband processors 2204A-D) may handle various radiocontrol functions that enable communication with one or more radionetworks via the RF circuitry 2206. In other embodiments, some or all ofthe functionality of baseband processors 2204A-D may be included inmodules stored in the memory 2204G and executed via a Central ProcessingUnit (CPU) 2204E. The radio control functions may include, but are notlimited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radiofrequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulationcircuitry of the baseband circuitry 2204 may include Fast-FourierTransform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demappingfunctionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of thebaseband circuitry 2204 may include convolution, tail-bitingconvolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC)encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulationand encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples andmay include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 2204 may include one or moreaudio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 2204F. The audio DSP(s) 2204Fmay be include elements for compression/decompression and echocancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in otherembodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitablycombined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a samecircuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all ofthe constituent components of the baseband circuitry 2204 and theapplication circuitry 2202 may be implemented together such as, forexample, on a system on a chip (SOC).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 2204 may provide forcommunication compatible with one or more radio technologies. Forexample, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 2204 may supportcommunication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network(EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wirelesslocal area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN).Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 2204 is configured tosupport radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may bereferred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 2206 may enable communication with wireless networks usingmodulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. Invarious embodiments, the RF circuitry 2206 may include switches,filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with thewireless network. RF circuitry 2206 may include a receive signal pathwhich may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from theFEM circuitry 2208 and provide baseband signals to the basebandcircuitry 2204. RF circuitry 2206 may also include a transmit signalpath which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals providedby the baseband circuitry 2204 and provide RF output signals to the FEMcircuitry 2208 for transmission.

In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 2206may include mixer circuitry 2206 a, amplifier circuitry 2206 b andfilter circuitry 2206 c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal pathof the RF circuitry 2206 may include filter circuitry 2206 c and mixercircuitry 2206 a. RF circuitry 2206 may also include synthesizercircuitry 2206 d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixercircuitry 2206 a of the receive signal path and the transmit signalpath. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 2206 a of the receivesignal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received fromthe FEM circuitry 2208 based on the synthesized frequency provided bysynthesizer circuitry 2206 d. The amplifier circuitry 2206 b may beconfigured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filtercircuitry 2206 c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter(BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-convertedsignals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals maybe provided to the baseband circuitry 2204 for further processing. Insome embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequencybaseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In someembodiments, mixer circuitry 2206 a of the receive signal path maycomprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is notlimited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 2206 a of the transmit signalpath may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on thesynthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 2206 d togenerate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 2208. The basebandsignals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 2204 and may befiltered by filter circuitry 2206 c.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 2206 a of the receive signalpath and the mixer circuitry 2206 a of the transmit signal path mayinclude two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadraturedownconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, themixer circuitry 2206 a of the receive signal path and the mixercircuitry 2206 a of the transmit signal path may include two or moremixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley imagerejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 2206 a of thereceive signal path and the mixer circuitry 2206 a may be arranged fordirect downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In someembodiments, the mixer circuitry 2206 a of the receive signal path andthe mixer circuitry 2206 a of the transmit signal path may be configuredfor super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input basebandsignals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternateembodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signalsmay be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RFcircuitry 2206 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) anddigital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry2204 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RFcircuitry 2206.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may beprovided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope ofthe embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 2206 d may be afractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although thescope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other typesof frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizercircuitry 2206 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequencymultiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with afrequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 2206 d may be configured to synthesize anoutput frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 2206 a of the RFcircuitry 2206 based on a frequency input and a divider control input.In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 2206 d may be afractional N/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Dividercontrol input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 2204 orthe applications processor 2202 depending on the desired outputfrequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may bedetermined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by theapplications processor 2202.

Synthesizer circuitry 2206 d of the RF circuitry 2206 may include adivider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phaseaccumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulusdivider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phaseaccumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured todivide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out)to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, theDLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phasedetector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments,the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Ndequal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in thedelay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to helpensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 2206 d may be configured togenerate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in otherembodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrierfrequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrierfrequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and dividercircuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency withmultiple different phases with respect to each other. In someembodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In someembodiments, the RF circuitry 2206 may include an IQ/polar converter.

FEM circuitry 2208 may include a receive signal path which may includecircuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or moreantennas 2210, amplify the received signals and provide the amplifiedversions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 2206 for furtherprocessing. FEM circuitry 2208 may also include a transmit signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to amplify signals fortransmission provided by the RF circuitry 2206 for transmission by oneor more of the one or more antennas 2210. In various embodiments, theamplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be donesolely in the RF circuitry 2206, solely in the FEM 2208, or in both theRF circuitry 2206 and the FEM 2208.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 2208 may include a TX/RX switchto switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEMcircuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include an LNA toamplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RFsignals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 2206). The transmitsignal path of the FEM circuitry 2208 may include a power amplifier (PA)to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 2206), andone or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission(e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 2210).

In some embodiments, the PMC 2212 may manage power provided to thebaseband circuitry 2204. In particular, the PMC 2212 may controlpower-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DCconversion. The PMC 2212 may often be included when the device 2200 iscapable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device isincluded in a UE. The PMC 2212 may increase the power conversionefficiency while providing desirable implementation size and heatdissipation characteristics.

While FIG. 22 shows the PMC 2212 coupled only with the basebandcircuitry 2204. However, in other embodiments, the PMC 7 12 may beadditionally or alternatively coupled with, and perform similar powermanagement operations for, other components such as, but not limited to,application circuitry 2202, RF circuitry 2206, or FEM 2208.

In some embodiments, the PMC 2212 may control, or otherwise be part of,various power saving mechanisms of the device 2200. For example, if thedevice 2200 is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected tothe RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may entera state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period ofinactivity. During this state, the device 2200 may power down for briefintervals of time and thus save power.

If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time,then the device 2200 may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where itdisconnects from the network and does not perform operations such aschannel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 2200 goes into avery low power state and it performs paging where again it periodicallywakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The device2200 may not receive data in this state, in order to receive data, itmust transition back to RRC_Connected state.

An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable tothe network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging fromseconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totallyunreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sentduring this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay isacceptable.

Processors of the application circuitry 2202 and processors of thebaseband circuitry 2204 may be used to execute elements of one or moreinstances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the basebandcircuitry 2204, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3,Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the applicationcircuitry 2204 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from theselayers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., transmissioncommunication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers).As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a radio resource control(RRC) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein,Layer 2 may comprise a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio linkcontrol (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1may comprise a physical (PHY) layer of a UE/RAN node, described infurther detail below.

FIG. 23 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry inaccordance with some embodiments. As discussed above, the basebandcircuitry 2204 of FIG. 22 may comprise processors 2204A-2204E and amemory 2204G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors2204A-2204E may include a memory interface, 2304A-2304E, respectively,to send/receive data to/from the memory 2204G.

The baseband circuitry 2204 may further include one or more interfacesto communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as a memoryinterface 2312 (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from memoryexternal to the baseband circuitry 2204), an application circuitryinterface 2314 (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from theapplication circuitry 2202 of FIG. 22 ), an RF circuitry interface 2316(e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry 2206 ofFIG. 22 ), a wireless hardware connectivity interface 2318 (e.g., aninterface to send/receive data to/from Near Field Communication (NFC)components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi®components, and other communication components), and a power managementinterface 2320 (e.g., an interface to send/receive power or controlsignals to/from the PMC 2212.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to someexample embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readableor computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readablestorage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 24 shows a diagrammaticrepresentation of hardware resources 2400 including one or moreprocessors (or processor cores) 2410, one or more memory/storage devices2420, and one or more communication resources 2430, each of which may becommunicatively coupled via a bus 2440. For embodiments where nodevirtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 2402 may beexecuted to provide an execution environment for one or more networkslices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 2400.

The processors 2410 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reducedinstruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction setcomputing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digitalsignal processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit(RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) mayinclude, for example, a processor 2412 and a processor 2414.

The memory/storage devices 2420 may include main memory, disk storage,or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 2420 mayinclude, but are not limited to any type of volatile or non-volatilememory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random-accessmemory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM),electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flashmemory, solid-state storage, etc.

The communication resources 2430 may include interconnection or networkinterface components or other suitable devices to communicate with oneor more peripheral devices 2404 or one or more databases 2406 via anetwork 2408. For example, the communication resources 2430 may includewired communication components (e.g., for coupling via a UniversalSerial Bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NFC components,Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components,and other communication components.

Instructions 2450 may comprise software, a program, an application, anapplet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of theprocessors 2410 to perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein. The instructions 2450 may reside, completely orpartially, within at least one of the processors 2410 (e.g., within theprocessor's cache memory), the memory/storage devices 2420, or anysuitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of theinstructions 2450 may be transferred to the hardware resources 2400 fromany combination of the peripheral devices 2404 or the databases 2406.Accordingly, the memory of processors 2410, the memory/storage devices2420, the peripheral devices 2404, and the databases 2406 are examplesof computer-readable and machine-readable media.

The following paragraphs describe examples of various embodiments.

Example 1 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),comprising processing circuitry configured to: generate Downlink ControlInformation (DCI) payload for a NR-Physical Downlink Control Channel(NR-PDCCH); attach Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to the DCI payload;mask the CRC with an Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) using abitwise modulus 2 addition operation, wherein the number of bits for theRNTI is different from the number of bits for the CRC; and perform polarencoding for the DCI payload with the masked CRC.

Example 2 may include the apparatus of Example 1, wherein when thenumber of bits for the RNTI is less than the number of bits for the CRC,a predetermined sequence is appended prior to the RNTI bits such thatthe number of bits for the RNTI appended with the predetermined sequenceis equal to the number of bits for the CRC.

Example 3 may include the apparatus of Example 1, wherein when thenumber of bits for the RNTI is less than the number of bits for the CRC,a predetermined sequence is appended after the RNTI bits such that thenumber of bits for the RNTI appended with the predetermined sequence isequal to the number of bits for the CRC.

Example 4 may include the apparatus of Example 1, wherein when thenumber of bits for the RNTI is less than the number of bits for the CRC,the RNTI is extended by repeating a plurality of the RNTI bits.

Example 5 may include the apparatus of Example 2 or 3, the predeterminedsequence is an all zero sequence.

Example 6 may include the apparatus of Example 1, wherein when thenumber of bits for the RNTI is larger than the number of bits for theCRC, the CRC is masked with a portion of the RNTI, the portion of theRNTI has a same bit number with the CRC.

Example 7 may include the apparatus of Example 6, wherein the portion ofthe RNTI is the MSB bits of the RNTI.

Example 8 may include the apparatus of Example 6, wherein the portion ofthe RNTI is the LSB bits of the RNTI.

Example 9 may include the apparatus of Example 6, wherein the portion ofthe RNTI is selected with a hashing function.

Example 10 may include the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the RNTI ismasked onto a portion of the CRC which appears relatively later in thedecoding order of Polar decoding.

Example 11 may include the apparatus of Example 1, wherein a firstportion of the RNTI is masked onto a portion of the CRC, and a secondportion of the RNTI is embedded explicitly in the DCI payload.

Example 12 may include the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the RNTIcomprises a first RNTI and a second RNTI, at least a portion of thefirst RNTI is embedded into one or more frozen bits applied for Polarencoding, and at least a portion of the second RNTI is masked onto theCRC.

Example 13 may include the apparatus of Example 12, wherein the portionof the first RNTI is embedded into the one or more frozen bits via ascrambling initializer, wherein the scrambling initializer operatesbased on the following parameters: a cell ID, a slot index, one or moreparameters associated with the control resource set (CORESET) in whichthe NR PDCCH is located.

Example 14 may include the apparatus of Example 1, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: apply a scrambling function afterPolar encoding of the DCI payload with the masked CRC, where thescrambling function is a linear or a non-linear function of one or moreof the RNTI, a cell identifier, a slot or subframe or System FrameNumber (SFN) index, and a CORESET index.

Example 15 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),comprising processing circuitry configured to: generate a DemodulationReference Signal (DMRS) sequence based on a Pseudo-Noise (PN) sequence;and map the generated DMRS sequence onto a configured control resourceset (CORESET) starting from the PRB of the lowest frequency and mappingto resources in units of PRBs in an increasing frequency order.

Example 16 may include the apparatus of Example 15, the length of thegenerated DMRS sequence is determined by the maximum number of Physicalresource blocks (PRBs) supported for a given subcarrier spacing of theconfigured CORESET.

Example 17 may include the apparatus of Example 15, wherein the lengthof the generated DMRS sequence is determined based on the maximum numberof PRBs supported for a given subcarrier spacing and the number of OFDMsymbols of the configured CORESET.

Example 18 may include the apparatus of Example 16 or 17, wherein themaximum number of PRB supported for given subcarrier spacing is derivedby the number of common PRBs within the system bandwidth for the givensubcarrier spacing.

Example 19 may include the apparatus of Example 15, wherein the lengthof the generated DMRS sequence is determined based on the number of PRBswithin the Bandwidth Part (BWP) that contains the configured CORESET.

Example 20 may include the apparatus of Example 15, the length of thegenerated DMRS sequence is determined based on the number of PRBs withinthe BWP that contains the configured CORESET and the number of OFDMsymbols of the configured CORESET.

Example 21 may include the apparatus of Example 15, wherein aninitialization seed of the PN sequence is defined as a function of oneor more of: symbol index, slot index, mini-slot index, starting symbolindex of the configured CORESET, antenna port identity (AP ID), andCORESET-specific parameter configured by higher layers.

Example 22 may include the apparatus of Example 15, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: generate the DMRS sequence based onthe PN sequence and a scrambling sequence, wherein the PN sequence isbased on a first index, and the scrambling sequence is based on a secondindex.

Example 23 may include the apparatus of Example 15, wherein when theconfigured CORESET spans one symbol, the generated DMRS sequence ismapped into the configured CORESET in a frequency first mapping manner.

Example 24 may include the apparatus of Example 15, wherein when theconfigured CORESET spans multiple symbols, the generated DMRS sequenceis mapped into the configured CORESET in a time first mapping orfrequency first mapping manner.

Example 25 may include an apparatus for a User Equipment (UE),comprising processing circuitry configured to: acquire information ofcontrol resource configuration associated with the UE, wherein thecontrol resource configuration comprising one or more identifiers;acquire information of search space configuration of the UE which isassociated with the control resource configuration, wherein the searchspace information may include a field indicating a first identifier ofthe one or more identifiers applied for determining at least one controlresource candidate for the search space, and a field indicating a secondidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for scramblinginitialization of the at least one control resource candidate of thesearch space; determine the at least one control resource candidatebased on the first identifier; determine the scrambling initializationfor the at least one control resource candidate of the search spacebased on the second identifier; descramble the at least one controlresource candidate of the search space based on the determinedscrambling initialization; and decode said descrambled control resourcecandidate of the search space.

Example 26 may include the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) andsecond identifier is a virtual cell identifier.

Example 27 may include the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) andsecond identifier is either a virtual cell identifier or ascrambling-RNTI, wherein the second identifier is determined from thecontrol resource configuration.

Example 28 may include the apparatus of Example 25, wherein the searchspace configuration further comprises a field indicating a thirdidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for DemodulationReference Signal (DMRS) generation associated with at least one controlresource candidate of the search space.

Example 29 may include the apparatus of Example 25, the circuitry isfurther configured to generate the DMRS associated with the at least onecontrol resource candidate of the search space based on the thirdidentifier.

Example 30 may include the apparatus of Example 28 or 29, the firstidentifier and second identifier are identical and the third identifieris different than the first identifier.

Example 31 may include the apparatus of Example 28 or 29, the firstidentifier, the second identifier and the third identifier areidentical.

Example 32 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),comprising a Radio Frequency (RF) interface; and processing circuitryconfigured to: determine control resource configuration associated aUser Equipment (UE), wherein the control resource information comprisingone or more identifiers; determine search space configuration of the UEwhich is associated with the control resource information, wherein thesearch space configuration comprises a field indicating a firstidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for determining atleast one control resource candidate for the search space, and a fieldindication a second identifier of the one or more identifiers appliedfor scrambling initialization of the at least one control resourcecandidate of the search space; encode the at least one control resourcecandidate of the search space with the first identifier determine thescrambling initialization for the at least one control resourcecandidate of the search space based on the second identifier; scramblecontrol information for the UE based on the determined scramblinginitialization; and transmit the scrambled control information on the atleast one control resource candidate of the search space via the RFinterface.

Example 33 may include the apparatus of Example 32, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) and thesecond identifier is a virtual cell identifier

Example 34 may include the apparatus of Example 32, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) andsecond identifier is either a virtual cell identifier or ascrambling-RNTI, wherein the second identifier is determined from thecontrol resource configuration.

Example 35 may include the apparatus of Example 32, wherein the searchspace configuration further comprises a field indicating a thirdidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for DemodulationReference Signal (DMRS) generation associated with the at least onecontrol resource candidate of the search space.

Example 36 may include the apparatus of Example 35, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: generate the DMRS associated withthe at least one control resource candidate of the search space based onthe third identifier.

Example 37 may include the apparatus of Example 35 or 36, the firstidentifier and second identifier are identical and the third identifieris different than the first identifier.

Example 38 may include the apparatus of Example 35 or 36, the firstidentifier, the second identifier and the third identifier areidentical.

Example 39 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),comprising a Radio Frequency (RF) interface; and processing circuitryconfigured to: generate an information block for Physical BroadcastChannel (PBCH); attach the information block with Cyclic RedundancyCheck (CRC) bits; interleave the information block attached with the CRCbits to enable early decoding of a part of the information block at UserEquipment (UE) side, wherein the part of the information block isportion of Synchronization Signal (SS) block index; encode theinterleaved information block with Polar codes; and transmit the encodedinformation block via the RF interface for decoding at UE side.

Example 40 may include the apparatus of Example 39, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: dispose the bits corresponding tothe part of the information block at relatively early positions in theinterleaved information block.

Example 41 may include the apparatus of Example 39, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: dispose the bits corresponding tothe part of the information block at positions in Polar encoding whichcorrespond to relatively early positions in the decoding order for Polardecoding.

Example 42 may include the apparatus of Example 39, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: dispose the bits corresponding tothe part of information block and at least portion of CRC at relativelyearly positions in the interleaved information block.

Example 43 may include the apparatus of Example 39, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: dispose the bits corresponding tothe part of the information block and at least a part of the CRC bits atpositions in Polar encoding which correspond to relatively earlypositions in the decoding order for Polar decoding.

Example 44 may include an apparatus for a User Equipment (UE),comprising a Radio Frequency (RF) interface; and processing circuitryconfigured to: receive an information block for Physical BroadcastChannel (PBCH) which is encoded with Polar codes from a Next GenerationNodeB (gNB); decode the information block in a decoding order to obtainan estimate of a part of the information block, wherein the part of theinformation block is portion of a Synchronization Signal (SS) blockindex; and stop decoding of the remaining portion of the informationblock after the estimate of the part of information block is obtained.

Example 45 may include the apparatus of Example 44, the processingcircuitry is further configured to: obtain a set of log-likelihoodratios (LLRs) corresponding to the information block; partially decodethe received LLRs to obtain one or more candidate decoding pathscorresponding to the part of the information block; select a candidatedecoding path from the one or more candidate decoding paths based on aselection criteria; and output the estimate of the part of theinformation block based on the selected decoding path.

Example 46 may include the apparatus of Example 45, the selectioncriteria is based on polar decoder path metric.

Example 47 may include the apparatus of Example 45, the selectioncriteria is based on polar decoder path metric and CRC checking.

Example 48 may include the apparatus of Example 47, wherein the CRCchecking is based on partial CRC check bit estimates that are alsoobtained based on the partial decoding.

Example 49 may include a method performed by a Next Generation NodeB(gNB), comprising: generating Downlink Control Information (DCI) payloadfor a NR-Physical Downlink Control Channel (NR-PDCCH); attaching CyclicRedundancy Check (CRC) to the DCI payload; masking the CRC with an RadioNetwork Temporary Identifier (RNTI) using a bitwise modulus 2 additionoperation, wherein the number of bits for the RNTI is different from thenumber of bits for the CRC; and performing polar encoding for the DCIpayload with the masked CRC.

Example 50 may include the method of Example 49, wherein when the numberof bits for the RNTI is less than the number of bits for the CRC, apredetermined sequence is appended prior to the RNTI bits such that thenumber of bits for the RNTI appended with the predetermined sequence isequal to the number of bits for the CRC.

Example 51 may include the method of Example 49, wherein when the numberof bits for the RNTI is less than the number of bits for the CRC, apredetermined sequence is appended after the RNTI bits such that thenumber of bits for the RNTI appended with the predetermined sequence isequal to the number of bits for the CRC

Example 52 may include the method of Example 49, wherein when the numberof bits for the RNTI is less than the number of bits for the CRC, theRNTI is extended by repeating a plurality of the RNTI bits.

Example 53 may include the method of Example 50 or 51, wherein thepredetermined sequence is an all zero sequence.

Example 54 may include the method of Example 49, wherein when the numberof bits for the RNTI is larger than the number of bits for the CRC, theCRC is masked with a portion of the RNTI, the portion of the RNTI has asame bit number with the CRC.

Example 55 may include the method of Example 54, wherein the portion ofthe RNTI is the MSB bits of the RNTI.

Example 56 may include the method of Example 54, wherein the portion ofthe RNTI is the LSB bits of the RNTI.

Example 57 may include the method of Example 54, wherein the portion ofthe RNTI is selected with a hashing function.

Example 58 may include the method of Example 49, wherein the RNTI ismasked onto a portion of the CRC which appears relatively later in thedecoding order of Polar decoding.

Example 59 may include the method of Example 49, wherein a first portionof the RNTI is masked onto a portion of the CRC, and a second portion ofthe RNTI is embedded explicitly in the DCI payload.

Example 60 may include the method of Example 49, wherein the RNTIcomprises a first RNTI and a second RNTI, at least a portion of thefirst RNTI is embedded into one or more frozen bits applied for Polarencoding, and at least a portion of the second RNTI is masked onto theCRC.

Example 61 may include the method of Example 60, wherein the portion ofthe first RNTI is embedded into the one or more frozen bits via ascrambling initializer, wherein the scrambling initializer operatesbased on the following parameters: a cell ID, a slot index, one or moreparameters associated with the control resource set (CORESET) in whichthe NR PDCCH is located.

Example 62 may include the method of Example 49, further comprising:applying a scrambling function after Polar encoding of the DCI payloadwith the masked CRC, where the scrambling function is a linear or anon-linear function of one or more of the RNTI, a cell identifier, aslot or subframe or System Frame Number (SFN) index, and a CORESETindex.

Example 63 may include a method performed by a Next Generation NodeB(gNB), comprising: generating a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS)sequence based on a Pseudo-Noise (PN) sequence; and mapping thegenerated DMRS sequence onto a configured control resource set (CORESET)starting from the PRB of the lowest frequency and mapping to resourcesin units of PRBs in an increasing frequency order.

Example 64 may include the method of Example 63, the length of thegenerated DMRS sequence is determined by the maximum number of Physicalresource blocks (PRBs) supported for a given subcarrier spacing of theconfigured CORESET.

Example 65 may include the method of Example 63, wherein the length ofthe generated DMRS sequence is determined based on the maximum number ofPRBs supported for a given subcarrier spacing and the number of OFDMsymbols of the configured CORESET.

Example 66 may include the method of Example 64 or 65, wherein themaximum number of PRB supported for given subcarrier spacing is derivedby the number of common PRBs within the system bandwidth for the givensubcarrier spacing.

Example 67 may include the method of Example 63, wherein the length ofthe generated DMRS sequence is determined based on the number of PRBswithin the Bandwidth Part (BWP) that contains the configured CORESET.

Example 68 may include the method of Example 63, the length of thegenerated DMRS sequence is determined based on the number of PRBs withinthe BWP that contains the configured CORESET and the number of OFDMsymbols of the configured CORESET.

Example 69 may include the method of Example 63, wherein aninitialization seed of the PN sequence is defined as a function of oneor more of: symbol index, slot index, mini-slot index, starting symbolindex of the configured CORESET, antenna port identity (AP ID), andCORESET-specific parameter configured by higher layers.

Example 70 may include the method of Example 63, wherein generating theDMRS sequence based on the PN sequence further comprises: generating theDMRS sequence based on the PN sequence and a scrambling sequence,wherein the PN sequence is based on a first index, and the scramblingsequence is based on a second index.

Example 71 may include the method of Example 63, wherein when theconfigured CORESET spans one symbol, the generated DMRS sequence ismapped into the configured CORESET in a frequency first mapping manner.

Example 72 may include the method of Example 63, wherein when theconfigured CORESET spans multiple symbols, the generated DMRS sequenceis mapped into the configured CORESET in a time first mapping orfrequency first mapping manner.

Example 73 may include a method performed by a User Equipment (UE),comprising: acquiring information of control resource configurationassociated with the UE, wherein the control resource configurationcomprising one or more identifiers; acquiring information of searchspace configuration of the UE which is associated with the controlresource configuration, wherein the search space information may includea field indicating a first identifier of the one or more identifiersapplied for determining at least one control resource candidate for thesearch space, and a field indicating a second identifier of the one ormore identifiers applied for scrambling initialization of the at leastone control resource candidate of the search space; determining the atleast one control resource candidate based on the first identifier;determining the scrambling initialization for the at least one controlresource candidate of the search space based on the second identifier;descrambling the at least one control resource candidate of the searchspace based on the determined scrambling initialization; and decodingsaid descrambled control resource candidate of the search space.

Example 74 may include the method of Example 73, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) andsecond identifier is a virtual cell identifier.

Example 75 may include the method of Example 73, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) andsecond identifier is either a virtual cell identifier or ascrambling-RNTI, wherein the second identifier is determined from thecontrol resource configuration.

Example 76 may include the method of Example 73, wherein the searchspace configuration further comprises a field indicating a thirdidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for DemodulationReference Signal (DMRS) generation associated with at least one controlresource candidate of the search space.

Example 77 may include the method of Example 76, further comprising:generating the DMRS associated with the at least one control resourcecandidate of the search space based on the third identifier.

Example 78 may include the method of Example 76 or 77, the firstidentifier and second identifier are identical and the third identifieris different than the first identifier.

Example 79 may include the method of Example 76 or 77, the firstidentifier, the second identifier and the third identifier areidentical.

Example 80 may include a method performed by a Next Generation NodeB(gNB), comprising: determining control resource configuration associateda User Equipment (UE), wherein the control resource informationcomprising one or more identifiers; determining search spaceconfiguration of the UE which is associated with the control resourceinformation, wherein the search space configuration comprises a fieldindicating a first identifier of the one or more identifiers applied fordetermining at least one control resource candidate for the searchspace, and a field indication a second identifier of the one or moreidentifiers applied for scrambling initialization of the at least onecontrol resource candidate of the search space; encoding the at leastone control resource candidate of the search space with the firstidentifier; determining the scrambling initialization for the at leastone control resource candidate of the search space based on the secondidentifier; scrambling control information for the UE based on thedetermined scrambling initialization; and transmitting the scrambledcontrol information on the at least one control resource candidate ofthe search space to the UE.

Example 81 may include the method of Example 80, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) and thesecond identifier is a virtual cell identifier.

Example 82 may include the method of Example 80, wherein the firstidentifier is a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) andsecond identifier is either a virtual cell identifier or ascrambling-RNTI, wherein the second identifier is determined from thecontrol resource configuration.

Example 83 may include the method of Example 80, wherein the searchspace configuration further comprises a field indicating a thirdidentifier of the one or more identifiers applied for DemodulationReference Signal (DMRS) generation associated with the at least onecontrol resource candidate of the search space.

Example 84 may include the method of Example 83, further comprising:generating the DMRS associated with the at least one control resourcecandidate of the search space based on the third identifier.

Example 85 may include the method of Example 83 or 84, the firstidentifier and second identifier are identical and the third identifieris different than the first identifier.

Example 86 may include the method of Example 83 or 84, the firstidentifier, the second identifier and the third identifier areidentical.

Example 87 may include a method performed at a Next Generation NodeB(gNB), comprising: generating an information block for PhysicalBroadcast Channel (PBCH); attaching the information block with CyclicRedundancy Check (CRC) bits; interleaving, by an interleaver of the gNB,the information block attached with the CRC bits to enable earlydecoding of a part of the information block at User Equipment (UE) side,wherein the part of the information block is portion of SynchronizationSignal (SS) block index; encoding, by a Polar encoder of the gNB, theinterleaved information block; and transmitting the encoded informationblock for decoding at UE side.

Example 88 may include the method of Example 87, wherein interleavingthe information block attached with the CRC bits comprising: disposingthe bits corresponding to the part of the information block atrelatively early positions in the interleaved information block.

Example 89 may include the method of Example 87, wherein interleavingthe information block attached with the CRC bits comprising: disposingthe bits corresponding to the part of the information block at positionsin Polar encoding which correspond to relatively early positions in thedecoding order for Polar decoding.

Example 90 may include the method of Example 87, wherein interleavingthe information block attached with the CRC bits comprising: disposingthe bits corresponding to the part of information block and at leastportion of CRC at relatively early positions in the interleavedinformation block.

Example 91 may include the method of Example 87, wherein interleavingthe information block attached with the CRC bits comprising: disposingthe bits corresponding to the part of the information block and at leasta part of the CRC bits at positions in Polar encoding which correspondto relatively early positions in the decoding order for Polar decoding.

Example 92 may include a method performed at a User Equipment (UE),comprising: receiving an information block for Physical BroadcastChannel (PBCH) from a Next Generation NodeB (gNB); decoding, by a polardecoder of the UE, the information block in a decoding order to obtainan estimate of a part of the information block, wherein the part of theinformation block is portion of a Synchronization Signal (SS) blockindex; and stopping decoding of the remaining portion of the informationblock after the estimate of the part of information block is obtained.

Example 93 may include the method of Example 92, wherein decoding theinformation block in the decoding order to obtain the estimate of thepart of the information block further comprises: receiving a set oflog-likelihood ratios (LLRs) corresponding to the information block;partially decoding the received LLRs to obtain one or more candidatedecoding paths corresponding to the part of the information block;selecting a candidate decoding path from the one or more candidatedecoding paths based on a selection criteria; and outputting theestimate of the part of the information block based on the selecteddecoding path.

Example 94 may include the method of Example 93, the selection criteriais based on polar decoder path metric.

Example 95 may include the method of Example 93, the selection criteriais based on polar decoder path metric and CRC checking.

Example 96 may include the method of Example 95, wherein the CRCchecking is based on partial CRC check bit estimates that are alsoobtained based on the partial decoding.

Example 97 may include a computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon, the instructions when executed by one or moreprocessor(s) causing the processor(s) to perform the method of any ofExamples 49-62.

Example 98 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),including means for performing the actions of the method of any ofExamples 49-62.

Example 99 may include a computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon, the instructions when executed by one or moreprocessor(s) causing the processor(s) to perform the method of any ofExamples 63-72.

Example 100 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),including means for performing the actions of the method of any ofExamples 63-72.

Example 101 may include a computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon, the instructions when executed by one or moreprocessor(s) causing the processor(s) to perform the method of any ofExamples 73-79.

Example 102 may include an apparatus for a User Equipment (UE),including means for performing the actions of the method of any ofExamples 73-79.

Example 103 may include a computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon, the instructions when executed by one or moreprocessor(s) causing the processor(s) to perform the method of any ofExamples 80-86.

Example 104 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),including means for performing the actions of the method of any ofExamples 80-86.

Example 105 may include a computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon, the instructions when executed by one or moreprocessor(s) causing the processor(s) to perform the method of any ofExamples 87-91.

Example 106 may include an apparatus for a Next Generation NodeB (gNB),including means for performing the actions of the method of any ofExamples 87-91.

Example 107 may include a computer-readable medium having instructionsstored thereon, the instructions when executed by one or moreprocessor(s) causing the processor(s) to perform the method of any ofExamples 92-96.

Example 108 may include an apparatus for a User Equipment (UE),including means for performing the actions of the method of any ofExamples 92-96.

Example 109 may include a User Equipment (UE) as shown and described inthe description.

Example 110 may include a Next Generation NodeB (gNB) as shown anddescribed in the description.

Example 111 may include a method performed at a User Equipment (UE) asshown and described in the description.

Example 112 may include a method performed at a Next Generation NodeB(gNB) as shown and described in the description.

Although certain embodiments have been illustrated and described hereinfor purposes of description, a wide variety of alternate and/orequivalent embodiments or implementations calculated to achieve the samepurposes may be substituted for the embodiments shown and describedwithout departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thisapplication is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of theembodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended thatembodiments described herein be limited only by the appended claims andthe equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising processing circuitry,wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: receive a downlinksignal from a control resource set (CORESET), wherein a demodulationreference signal (DMRS) sequence has been mapped, according to afrequency-first mapping, onto resource elements occurring in one or morephysical resource blocks (PRBs) and one or more Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols of the CORESET, wherein the DMRSsequence is based on a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, wherein aninitialization of the PN sequence is a function at least of a parameterfor the CORESET and one or more indices corresponding respectively tothe one or more OFDM symbols; and recover the DMRS sequence from thedownlink signal.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the initializationof the PN sequence is further a function of a slot index.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein a length of the DMRS sequence isdetermined based at least in part on a maximum number of PRBs supportedfor a subcarrier spacing of the CORESET.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3,wherein said maximum number is derived from a number of common PRBswithin a system bandwidth for the subcarrier spacing.
 5. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein a length of the DMRS sequence is determined based atleast in part on a number of PRBs within a bandwidth part (BWP) thatcontains the CORESET.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the downlinksignal is according to New Radio.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe CORESET is configured by one or more higher layers of a protocolstack.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a transceivercoupled to the processing circuitry, and configured to transmit andreceive radio signals.
 9. A method, comprising: generating ademodulation reference signal (DMRS) sequence based on a pseudo-noise(PN) sequence; mapping the DMRS sequence onto resource elements (REs) ofa control resource set (CORESET), according to a frequency first mappingfor one or more physical resource blocks (PRBs) and one or moreorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, whereininitialization of the PN sequence is a function at least of a parameterfor the CORESET and one or more indices corresponding respectively tothe one or more OFDM symbols; and transmitting the DMRS sequence on theREs of the CORESET.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a length of theDMRS sequence is determined based on a number of said one or more PRBsmultiplied by a number of said REs per resource element group (REG),wherein the number of DMRS REs per REG is
 3. 11. The method of claim 9,wherein elements of the DMRS sequence are mapped to every fourthsubcarrier in the one or more PRBs.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein acommon PRB indexing is used for a given subcarrier spacing within theCORESET.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the parameter for theCORESET is configured.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein theinitialization of the PN sequence is further a function of a slot index.15. A method, comprising: receiving a downlink signal from a controlresource set (CORESET), wherein a demodulation reference signal (DMRS)sequence has been mapped, according to a frequency-first mapping, ontoresource elements occurring in one or more physical resource blocks(PRBs) and one or more Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)symbols of the CORESET, wherein the DMRS sequence is based on apseudo-noise (PN) sequence, wherein an initialization of the PN sequenceis a function at least of a parameter for the CORESET and one or moreindices corresponding respectively to the one or more OFDM symbols; andrecovering the DMRS sequence from the downlink signal.
 16. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the initialization of the PN sequence is further afunction of a slot index.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein a lengthof the DMRS sequence is determined based at least in part on a maximumnumber of PRBs supported for a subcarrier spacing of the CORESET. 18.The method of claim 17, wherein said maximum number is derived from anumber of common PRBs within a system bandwidth for the subcarrierspacing.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein a length of the DMRSsequence is determined based at least in part on a number of PRBs withina bandwidth part (BWP) that contains the CORESET.
 20. The method ofclaim 15, wherein downlink signal is according to New Radio.